What is a “face mask”?
A barrier mask is a washable cloth mask intended for the general public to promote collective protection. Its use in no way exempts the wearer from consistently following preventive measures and maintaining physical distancing. According to AFNOR Spec S76-001, there are two categories of barrier masks:
- UNS 1 / Category 1: It filters out at least 90% of 3-micron particles. Unlike a surgical mask, this one has the advantage of being washable and reusable. Next an opinion from the High Council for Public Health published on January 20, 2021, a decree dated January 27, 2021 recommends selling only “general public” masks that fall into this category, clearly labeling them as such, provided they have been tested beforehand.
- UNS 2 / Category 2: It filters at least 70% of 3-micron particles. The decree of January 27, 2021, does not prohibit their manufacture, but requires manufacturers to inform consumers that these masks do not meet the requirements set by health authorities.
Is it not recommended to use cloth masks?
In January 2021, the High Council for Public Health recommended prioritizing masks that filter at least 90% of 3-micron particles (UNS Category 1). This measure was incorporated into a decree dated January 27, 2021, which requires manufacturers who have opted for a 70% filtration threshold (Category 2) to inform consumers that these masks do not meet the requirements of health authorities. AFNOR therefore recommends avoiding UNS 2 masks, and especially those that, having not been mass-produced and properly tested, cannot claim to belong to one category or another.
Category 1 cloth masks manufactured in accordance with AFNOR Spec S76-001 filter at least 90% of these particles and are therefore recommended. The level of protection they offer is comparable to, or even higher than, that provided by surgical masks, depending on the model. This is especially true since AFNOR Spec S76-001 ensures they meet the other technical criteria required by the decree for marketing, under the designation UNS 1:
- breathability allows for four hours of wear;
- air permeability is greater than 96 liters per square meter per second, for a pressure drop of 100 pascals;
- the shape allows for a snug fit on the face, covering the nose and chin, and does not include a sagittal seam;
- When reusable, performance levels are maintained after at least five washes.
Should you wear a surgical mask or an FFP mask?
In its January 2021 advisory, the High Council for Public Health does not recommend that the general public wear FFP masks, which are single-use respiratory protective devices (NF EN 149 standard). The HCSP reiterates this position in an opinion dated January 7, 2022 , rejecting the idea of additional protection (even for teachers) because of the discomfort it causes.
This type of mask is designed to protect the wearer from inhaling both droplets and airborne particles, which may contain infectious agents. Wearing it is more restrictive (thermal discomfort, breathing resistance) than wearing a surgical mask. There are three categories of FFP masks, based on their effectiveness (estimated according to filter efficiency and facial fit). These are:
- Les masques FFP1 filtrant au moins 80 % des aérosols (fuite totale vers l’intérieur < 22 %).
- Les masques FFP2 filtrant au moins 94 % des aérosols (fuite totale vers l’intérieur< 8 %).
- Les masques FFP3 filtrant au moins 99 % des aérosols (fuite totale vers l’intérieur < 2 %)
Surgical masks may be worn because, according to the High Council for Public Health, they provide at least 90% filtration efficiency, just like Category 1 cloth masks manufactured in accordance with AFNOR SPEC S76-001.
Both types of masks help protect the community. They are designed to prevent droplets emitted by the wearer from spreading to those around them. They also protect the wearer from droplets emitted by someone facing them. However, they do not protect against the inhalation of very small airborne particles, as FFP masks do.
Is wearing a face mask still recommended against the more contagious Omicron variant?
Yes. For the general public, the authorities have not updated their guidelines following the emergence of the Delta and then Omicron variants. Regardless of the circumstances (at work, at school, in public spaces, on public transportation, etc.), there is no need to replace a Category 1 face mask with an FFP2 mask on the grounds that the latter offers greater protection. In an advisory issued on January 7, 2022, the High Council for Public Health does not recommend that the general public wear an FFP mask, which is a single-use respiratory protective device classified as PPE (personal protective equipment) and subject to the NF EN 149 standard. Similarly, against variants, surgical masks can still be worn because, according to the High Council for Public Health, they provide a filtration level of at least 90%, just like Category 1 fabric masks manufactured in accordance with AFNOR SPEC S76-001.
Is wearing multiple masks a good idea?
Wearing two masks, one on top of the other, can improve filtration if the fabrics are different. However, this will certainly pose a problem with breathability, making it difficult to keep the mask on during a conversation or while walking at a moderate to brisk pace, for example. Thus, by wearing such a mask, the person runs the risk of having to remove it due to discomfort without being able to wash their hands or put on a new one, thereby exposing themselves to a risk of infection.
Materials/Testing/Performance
Can I use a vacuum cleaner bag or a coffee filter as a filter material?
Despite their good filtering capacity, these types of filters do not meet the requirements of Section 5.1.8, “Safety of Inhaled Air.” In fact, these materials are likely to release irritants that may pose a risk of allergies (particularly severe asthma attacks) and/or toxicity. Furthermore, these types of filters do not perform well in terms of breathability.
Clothing manufacturing
How can you tell if a face mask provides 90% filtration?
A decree dated January 27, 2021, requires manufacturers of cloth masks that claim, based on testing, to filter 90% of 3-micron particles to indicate “in a visible, legible, and easily accessible manner” that these masks meet the requirements of health authorities. A Category 1 cloth mask, manufactured in accordance with AFNOR SPEC S76-001, provides this level of protection.
If you made your own mask in 2020 using homemade methods, there is no absolute guarantee that it is sufficiently effective. It is therefore advisable to opt for a new mask that has been manufactured by a company and tested by a laboratory, and that is labeled as Category 1.
What fabrics should you use to make a face mask?
The AFNOR Spec document draws on various fabric combinations that have undergone testing; the results of these tests are available here. Feedback from craftsmen and knowledgeable homeowners allows us to share additional recommendations with you, to help you choose materials based on accessibility criteria (availability, price). Here are our recommendations:
To make a Category 1 mask (90% filtration efficiency):
Layer 1: 90 g/m² cotton
Layer 2: 400 g/m² nonwoven fabric
Layer 3: 90 g/m² cotton
More technical:
Layer 1: 100% cotton, 115 g/m²
Layers 2, 3, and 4: 100% PP (nonwoven polypropylene) spunbonded NT-PP, 35 g/m² (very thin)
Layer 5: 100% cotton, 115 g/m²
If you don't have access to these fabrics, focus on combining them: the filter works best when you choose three different fabrics
1 thick cotton cloth, such as a kitchen towel
1. Polyester: technical T-shirt style, for sports
1 small cotton shirt
To estimate the weight per square foot of a piece of fabric:
Weigh the piece of fabric on a kitchen scale (in grams)
Measure the piece of fabric (width and length, in meters)
Density = mass of the fabric / width × length
Example:
A cotton kitchen towel measuring 50 x 70 cm and weighing 80 grams has a surface density of 80 / 0.50 x 0.70 = 228 g/m²
What is not recommended:
The cotton/batting/cotton combination does not seem to deliver the expected performance. Denim, oilcloth, and coated fabric should also be avoided for breathability reasons. In terms of feasibility, jersey should also be ruled out. With summer heat in mind: avoid using fleece and rough cretonne. The “Que choisir” website also provides tips on which fabrics to choose to make a face mask for general use.
Can I make masks for children?
The AFNOR Spec document – Barrier masks Since April 28, it has been offering patterns for making masks for children over the age of 7. This age limit was established in accordance with the recommendations of doctors convened by AFNOR, as part of a collaborative effort involving nearly 150 experts.
I am making a face mask in accordance with the recommendations in the AFNOR Spec – Face Masks document. Can I mention this?
Anyone who follows the recommendations of the AFNOR Spec – Barrier Masks may display the label “AFNOR SPEC S76-001 Barrier Mask,” as authorized by the specification on barrier masks (Part 7 – Labeling and Information Leaflet). This label may appear on the information leaflet, the packaging, or the mask itself. Manufacturers producing masks in series can go a step further by undergoing an NF certification process.
Usage
Can I wear a face mask while exercising?
Physical exertion requires the ability to breathe easily, something that wearing a mask—whether a protective mask or otherwise—undoubtedly hinders. However, AFNOR has made a document available to textile manufacturers that sets out minimum requirements for designing barrier masks for sports use that balance protection, stability, and breathability: the AFNOR SPEC S70-001 guide, which is freely downloadable. Specifying, among other things, testing methods, the AFNOR SPEC S70-001 guide is designed to enable manufacturers to prepare indoor sports enthusiasts (gyms, fitness centers, etc.) to resume their activities once they are permitted again, in accordance with government guidelines and in compliance with other preventive measures. The AFNOR SPEC S70-001 guide is the result of work by a group of 70 experts led by the Union Sport et Cycle and its members, with the active support of the Ministry of Sports.
I am a private citizen. Can I wear a face mask in public places?
You have relied on AFNOR’s recommendations to design a mask or guide your purchasing decisions. You can certainly use this mask to comply with the mandatory requirement to wear a mask in enclosed public spaces or when out in public. The UNS1 model (which filters at least 90% of 3-micron particles) is recommended by the High Council for Public Health. In all cases, the mask must cover both the mouth and nose.
How do you wash a used face mask?
The AFNOR Spec document on barrier masks, updated in April, incorporates the recommendations set forth by health authorities. The ANSM advisory, revised on November 2, 2020, states that at home, a used mask should be machine-washed with standard detergent at 40 degrees Celsius for at least 30 minutes. This advisory specifies that it is not necessary to wash masks separately: a half-load in the washing machine ensures effective agitation. For industrial laundries, this advisory recommends a cycle of at least 30 minutes at 60°C. The Academy of Medicine also stated on September 7 , that the masks could be washed with detergent at the same temperature as underwear.
Can I use an iron to care for my mask?
Yes, to remove any wrinkles after washing and finish drying. Take special care not to damage the mask’s components, particularly the elastic straps. Please note that ironing is not a substitute for washing.
My glasses fog up when I wear my mask. What should I do?
If you don’t wear your glasses regularly, they may fog up. This is caused by a poor seal between the mask and your nose. If the mask has a nose clip, it’s best to press it firmly against the bridge of your nose.
When making your own cloth masks, you can include a nose clip during the sewing process. Example of the process shown in the video (explanations begin at 14:30)
Various fastener options are available, such as: a freezer bag closure clip or a small plastic-coated metal wire.
In any case, care must be taken not to use materials that could injure the user (do not use materials that are too stiff or have sharp edges). The material must be able to withstand washing during mask maintenance, or it must be removed before washing.
Can I wear a new mask right away?
It is recommended that you wash a new mask before using it for the first time, whether you made the mask yourself, received it as a gift, or purchased it from a craftsman or a store. This allows you to follow the care instructions issued by health authorities. It is also important to ensure that the mask in question is safe: it is indeed possible that it could carry a virus, of any kind, due to transportation conditions or the packaging used. Washing your mask before its first use also helps reduce the risk of allergies potentially caused by new fabrics.
How can I tell if my face mask is worn out or damaged?
If your mask was manufactured by a company, the recommended number of washes should be indicated. Be sure to keep track of how many times you’ve washed it. However, we recommend that you carefully inspect your mask after each wash. Wear and tear on a mask can manifest in various ways:
- folds in the fabric can lead to tears,
- the seams may come undone,
- relationships can grow distant.
If you notice any of these signs, it’s time to get rid of that mask.
What should I do with my face mask when it's no longer usable?
According to the AFNOR Spec Masques barrières guidelines, you should dispose of your used mask in a general waste or residual waste bin. You may also dispose of it with your household waste or send it for textile recycling if you wash it first in accordance with the established guidelines.
I am a private individual. Why should I choose NF-certified barrier masks?
NF-certified face masks from AFNOR Certification guarantee quality, safety, and reliability. Their production has been monitored throughout the entire supply chain—including the traceability of raw materials, the origin and performance of components, manufacturing, packaging, and consumer information—through an audit conducted at the manufacturing site by an independent third-party organization.
The NF Masques Barrières certification focuses on comfort, filtration quality, and ease of use:
- Adjustable strap (self-adjusting behind the ears or behind the head); an independent laboratory conducts tests to verify the straps' secure fit.
- Related to increased breathability, a value twice as stringent as the threshold required by the AFNOR Spec S76-001 specifications.
I am a consumer, a public or private purchaser. How can I verify that the mask I purchased is actually certified under the NF Barrier Masks standard?
To verify the authenticity of the certification, manufacturers that have obtained NF Barrier Mask certification are required to display a QR code on the packaging that allows consumers to view the certificate online, including its number and date of issuance.
What should you do if your mask gets wet in the rain?
A mask, whether surgical or cloth, is less effective if it gets wet from rain or becomes damp from use (breathing, sweating, etc.). It is therefore strongly recommended to replace a wet mask with a new, dry one. Designed for use in a medical setting, there are no usage tests to confirm that a surgical mask worn for less than the recommended 4 hours—but which has become wet and then dried—is as effective as a new surgical mask. Designed for single-use, it is advisable not to reuse your surgical mask and therefore to dispose of it in the trash, if possible by placing it in a designated bag.
If your cloth face mask gets wet, you should replace it with a dry one, put the wet mask in a bag, and wash and dry it before using it again.
Certification
Who is eligible for NF Barrier Mask certification?
Manufacturers producing barrier masks in accordance with the AFNOR SPEC S76-001 standard (companies in the textile, pharmaceutical, and other sectors), of all sizes (SMEs, large corporations), engaged in mass production. Small-scale manufacturers of masks for the general public and individuals with a passion for sewing are therefore not eligible.
Who is eligible to apply for the NF Barrier Masks certification?
The NF Barrier Masks certification is available to any applicant (manufacturer, authorized representative, or distributor) whose products fall within the scope defined in Article 1 of the certification standard and comply with the technical requirements described in Article 1 of Section B of the certification standard.
The applicant is responsible for ensuring compliance with all requirements set forth in the standards.
What types of masks are covered by the NF Barrier Masks certification?
The non-medical masks listed below are eligible for NF Barrier Mask certification:
As defined in the interministerial memo dated March 29, 2020, updated on April 26, 2020:
Category 1 (UNS1) masks are intended for professionals who come into regular contact with large numbers of people during their work. They are made of materials that filter at least 90% of 3-micron particles (equivalent to the size of particles emitted by the wearer). Since a decree issued on January 27, 2021, this is the only category that manufacturers can claim, following testing, to market models that meet the requirements of health authorities.
Category 2 masks (UNS2) are intended to protect an entire group of wearers, as well as professionals who have occasional contact with others. They are made of materials that filter at least 70% of 3-micron particles. However, the decree of January 27, 2021, effectively excludes them from the market.
Whose "pleated" or "duckbill" shape meets the specifications of SPEC S76-001, or whose shape meets the specifications of the interministerial memorandum.
Equipped with self-adjusting mechanisms,
For single use or washable at least 5 times (reusable 6 times in this case),
Available in adult or junior sizes,
Mass-produced and ready-to-use products.
What types of masks are excluded from NF Barrier Mask certification?
The types listed below are not eligible for NF Barrier Mask certification:
- Masks covered by Regulation (EU) 2016/425 on personal protective equipment,
- Masks covered by Directive 93/42/EEC or Regulation (EU) 2017/745 on medical devices,
- Masks equipped with inhalation or exhalation valves, removable filters,
- Masks with ties that are designed to be knotted,
- Masks based on expert opinions as referenced in SPEC S76-001/2020 and CWA 17533:2020
What are the different features of NF-certified barrier masks?
There are four models of NF-certified masks. You can find all the specifications in the certification guidelines on page 8.
Which manufacturers produce masks that are NF-certified?
The list of certified companies and products is available here.
I am a manufacturer. Why should I choose NF Barrier Mask certification?
The NF certification is a strong indicator of quality for consumers, serving as a guarantee of safety, reliability, and quality. 84% of French people say they are familiar with the NF mark, and the presence of the logo on products or packaging influences the purchasing decision for 30% of them (Opinion Way survey, January 2019, based on a sample of 1,000 people).
I am a manufacturer and have already conducted tests in preparation for marketing my masks. Do I need to repeat these tests to obtain NF Barrier Masks certification?
If you have already conducted tests in 2020 through official bodies or accredited laboratories, you may be exempt from additional testing for NF Barrier Masks certification.
However, you will still need to conduct the specific test on the tensile strength of the straps, which is a prerequisite for obtaining NF Barrier Mask certification.
I am a manufacturer and I have a stock of masks that I would like to have certified. Is that possible?
A specific process has been established to audit and certify your mask inventory (provided that traceability is deemed sufficient and test results can be provided).
Availability of the document
I am reluctant to share my personal information
Our download form has been designed in compliance with the GDPR. By providing your contact information to download AFNOR Spec S76-001, you’ll be kept informed of updates to the document, the March 27, 2020 version of which is Version 1.0. You also have the option to request that AFNOR delete your personal data.
Will I be notified when a new version of AFNOR SPEC S76-001 is released?
Yes, by email, provided that you have consented to the sharing of your data as described above.
Document History
I made masks in accordance with the AFNOR document dated March 27. Are they still valid following the update on April 27?
Yes, the update to the AFNOR Spec – Barrier Masks document does not change anything. Masks sewn according to the recommendations published on March 27 are still just as valid.
Why was the AFNOR Spec – Barrier Masks document updated?
Several official publications have been brought to the attention of the drafting group since the release of version 1.0 of AFNOR SPEC S76-001 on March 27, 2020. A great deal of feedback has also been received. This update takes these into account but does not call into question the document’s main recommendations or the pattern templates proposed in version 1.0.
What factors should be considered when making or manufacturing face masks?
Version 1.10 of the AFNOR Spec – Barrier Masks document does not include any major changes. The main new feature is the inclusion of a pattern for barrier masks intended for children over the age of 7. References to health authority guidelines have also been clarified, with direct links provided.
Manufacturers producing face masks on a large scale will be able to rely on new guidelines to assess filtration efficiency relative to the 3-micron threshold. Clarifications have also been provided regarding the filtration efficiency requirements for the material.
Is there a European version of the AFNOR Spec S76-001 document?
Yes: since June 17, 2020, at the request of the European Commission. Developed under the leadership of AFNOR, it incorporates the key recommendations of AFNOR Spec S76-001. It is available only in English.
